Quiz
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1. How many kcal does a gram of ethanol give, and a gram of water?
About 7 for ethanol; 0 for water (Figure 1).
2. Why is a water molecule polar?
Oxygen pulls the shared electrons toward itself, leaving the O slightly negative and the two H slightly positive, and the molecule is bent (Figure 2).
3. What is a hydrogen bond?
A weak attraction between the slightly positive H of one molecule and the slightly negative O of another (Figure 2).
4. Why don’t oil and water mix?
Fat chains have no charges or OH groups for water to grab, so they separate (Figure 2).
5. Roughly how much of an adult’s body weight is water?
About 50 to 60%; more in babies (Figure 3).
6. Where is most of your body water?
Inside cells, about two thirds of it (Figure 3).
7. What hormone tells the kidneys to save water?
Vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone (Figure 4).
8. What is the US adequate intake for total water?
About 2.7 L a day for women and 3.7 L for men, from drinks and food together (Figure 4).
9. What does yeast make from one glucose during fermentation?
Two ethanols and two carbon dioxides (Figure 5).
10. Why is methanol dangerous?
The liver turns it into formaldehyde and formic acid, which can cause blindness or death (Figure 5).
11. What are the two steps that break down ethanol in the liver?
Ethanol to acetaldehyde (alcohol dehydrogenase), then acetaldehyde to acetate (aldehyde dehydrogenase) (Figure 6).
12. How much pure ethanol is in a US standard drink?
14 g: about 12 fl oz of beer, 5 fl oz of wine or 1.5 fl oz of spirits (Figure 6).